Peer review is not universal and it is not always clear which journals and book manuscripts are peer reviewed and which are not. Whether it is commercial publishing or open access, the peer-review system is not working as well as it might.
But beginning in the 1980s, cable and other new technologies began to undermine the networks' hegemony if not the very concept of mass audiences for TV programming.īill Cope, Mary Kalantzis, in Towards a Semantic Web, 2011 Pre-publication knowledge validation Viewers chose from a limited number of channels, most of which were affiliated with a network. Initially, national networks, in combination with major advertisers, dominated the medium. Despite its global influence, US television underwent several transformations between 19.
Most other nations, after long resisting the US model, not only aired many US series but had one or more commercial networks. With a vast comparative advantage in film production facilities, the USA was the largest exporter of TV entertainment shows. The USA developed the most successful commercial model, one that relied on advertisers to sponsor programming primarily intended for large audiences. In the two decades after World War II, television became the most popular mass medium throughout most of the world. Baughman, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
In addition, costs are lower (in general, but not in every case) than with other traditional models because no proprietary aspect exists, lessening the development costs and having updated offerings developed using community input. In these cases, end users can bypass IT departments to get the answers they want more quickly. With commercial offerings, end-user support remains external to the organization, and in cases where more of a self-service model exists, there becomes an increase in end-user autonomy and customization potential. What this means is that business units are no longer reliant on developers to create their BI applications from scratch, as commercial offerings closely mimic other traditional BI offerings with many features being provided out of the box. Commercial OSBI also leads to quicker development times based on broader solution availability. In some cases, this may actually balance itself out in the long run. The cost of the developer, therefore, is almost offset by the cost of the software. For instance, instead of having to spend additional months of developer time on customizing an offering, costs may be spent on the software, saving months of time to implement. But for some organizations the cost of software may be offset by not needing internal development efforts to the extent of community offerings.
Therefore, the switch to a commercial model translates into a new set of costs. Some companies are still under the impression that community OSBI is free.
Lyndsay Wise, in Using Open Source Platforms for Business Intelligence, 2012 What benefits does switching from a free model to commercial OS provide to the business unit(s) involved? By combining a services approach to OSBI, vendors are maintaining the integrity of free software while increasing the value of successful BI adoption and the value of intellectual property and expertise.
For organizations considering vendor professional services or external consultants, the ability to get software for free lessens the overall costs of BI projects. In these instances, the services represent the project management, requirements gathering, implementation, customization, testing, and the list goes on. Some vendors provide free software as a complement to their professional services. All of the aspects that surround the software component involve potential services that can be provided by a third-party source. to develop the shell of a successful BI project. For every BI project, organizations require proper business and systems requirements, technical needs identification, integration, etc. Services generally relate to professional services and the consultancy involvement within the project. The services approach means that software is provided free of charge with the commercial aspects being the services provided. The final OSBI commercial model is represented by the services approach. Lyndsay Wise, in Using Open Source Platforms for Business Intelligence, 2012 The services approach